英语翻译
Readingtooneselfisamodernactivitywhichwasalmostunknowntothelearnedintheearlydaysofthehistory,whileduringthefifteenthcenturytheterm"reading"undoubtedlymeantreadingaloud.Onlyduringthenineteenthcenturydidsilentreadingbecomepopular.
Oneshouldbecareful,however,ofsupposingthatsilentreadingcameaboutsimplybecausereadingaloudisdistraction(分散注意力)toothers.Examinationofreasonsconnectedwiththehistoricaldevelopmentofsilentreadingshowsthatitbecametheusualmodeofreadingformostadultreadingtasksmainlybecausethetasksthemselveschangedincharacter.
Thelastcenturysawagradualincreaseinliteracy(读写能力)andthusinthenumberofreaders.Asreadersincreased,sothenumberoflistenersdropped,andthustherewassomereductionintheneedtoreadaloud.Asreadingforthebenefitoflistenersgrewlesscommon,socamethepopularityofreadingasaprivateactivityinsuchpublicplacesaslibraries,trainsandoffices,swheresreadingaloudwoulddisturbotherreadersinaway.
Towardstheendofthecenturytherewasstillheatedargumentoverwhetherbooksshouldbeusedforinformationortreatedrespectfully,andoverwhetherthereadingofmaterialsuchasnewspaperswasinsomewaymentallyweakening.Indeedthisargumentremainswithusstillineducation.However,whateveritsadvantages,theoldsharedliteracyculturehadgoneandwasreplacedbytheprintedmassmedia(大众媒体)ontheonehandandbybooksandmagazinesforaspecializedreadershipontheother.
Bytheendofthecenturystudentswerebeingadvisedtohavesomenewideasofbooksandtouseskillsinreadingthemwhichwerenotproper,ifnotimpossible,fortheoralreader.Thesocial,cultural,andtechnologicaldevelopmentsinthecenturyhadgreatlychangedwhattheterm"reading"referredto.
